Theories Of Why The Cold War Ended

Theories Of Why The Cold War Ended The Cold War was a term coined by George Orwell in 1945 that refers to the, Extended worldwide conflict between communism and capitalism that is normally taken to have begun in 1947. The end of the Cold War came about through two measures, the first being no friction remaining between the USSR and the USA and the second being the collapse of the Soviet Union. There are four main international relations theories that aim to shed light on the reasons for the Cold War coming to a halt. The first theory, put forth by liberal thinkers, examines the role of world leaders in ending the war. The second theory holds economic pressures on the USSR, due to competition with the USA, culpable for the end of the Cold War. The third theory illustrated by realists analyses the contribution of internal factors leading to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the final theory illustrates the peace through strength thesis  [3]  . I believe that all the theories are strongly linked with each other; h owever it was due to the decisions made by the world leaders that the Cold War ended. The theory that Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan played a central role in ending the Cold War has been put forth by Liberal theorists. President Reagan, through popular belief, is seen as the individual that accelerated the process which led to the end of the Cold War. Margaret Thatcher quoted in one of her speeches, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦for fighting and winning the Cold War it is Ronald Reagan deserves the most credit  [4]  . Reagan used an upfront and confrontational method in dealing with the, the evil empire  [5]  . Reagans aim was to win the arms race against the USSR in order to restore US supremacy in the global society. Furthermore Reagan increased the military to a scale that is unrivalled in U.S. history. In 1982 defence spending rose by 13% and then 8% in each successive year; Reagan also poured millions of dollars into the development of the nuclear stealth bomber trident submarine. Thirdly Reagan issued the Reagan Doctrine which stated that assistance would be sent to any anti-communist insurgents and governments. This build up of arms and effort to halt soviet influence in the third world was used to put pressure on the USSR. This pressure forced Gorbachev to address the Politburo on a change of strategy, regarding the United States, and also hold talks with Reagan in Geneva and Reykjavik. Gorbachev realised that the USSR could not keep up with the United States and therefore in order to maintain Soviet security, Gorbachev decided to desert the arms race and instead focus on reforming the Soviet economy. This Soviet policy was known as Perestroika  [6]  . Additionally Gorbachev recognized that soviet control over the empire in Eastern Europe was costing immense amounts of money each year (approx. $40 billion  [7]  ). Thus he put an end to the Brezhnev doctrine, which meant that countries could now leave the Warsaw Pact without any repercussions from the Soviet Union. Consequentially the Berlin Wall, a symbol of the USSRs power and inf luence, was torn down by unopposed protesters. Gorbachev intended to reform communism but he could not hide from the fact that the USSR simply could not compete with the USA on economic and military grounds. Thus when no hostility remained between the two super powers due to the reasons stated above, the Cold War came to an end. As a result of the actions on the part of Reagan and Gorbachev the Cold War came to an end. Economic issues areseen as a core factor in ending the Cold War. The Soviet Union entered the 1990s with the possibility of economic collapse around every corner. This fear of economic collapse paired with the steadily declining economy is posed as another theory as to why the Cold War ended. The burden imposed upon the Soviet Union due to hegemonic competition with the USA had escalated to a level at which the USSR could no longer compete. Reagans Strategic Defence Initiative caused the USA to take a lead in the arms race thus leaving Gorbachev and the USSR with limited options. As mentioned above, Gorbachev saw a great need to reform the Soviet economy. This was because the immense military spending, of the Soviet Union, was resting on the back of a broken economy. Secondly the United States was benefitting immensely from its imperialist expansion whereas the Soviet Union was making catastrophic losses with its expansion causing a economic deficit. As the USSR could not produce as many goods and therefore Soviet exports, to Eastern Europe, began to rapidly decline and the reliance on imports began to increase; this led to a trade deficit in the economy. Additionally all consumer products, such as clothes and shoes, produced within the Soviet Union were being sent to the army which forced consumers to rely on imports for their daily needs. Hence the pressures of the market economy continued mounting on the Soviet Union. Gorbachev realized that the race against the United States simply wasnt worth continuing and consequently chose to negotiate terms of a peace settlement with the USA. It is clear that there are several links present between the two theories discussed to this point; therefore it can be argued that the economic factors led world leaders to end the Cold War. Internal factors, especially public opinion, had a major contribution to the end of the Cold War. The internal factors that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union, and ultimately the end of the Cold War, were largely due to Gorbachevs actions. When Gorbachev came to power in March 1985  [8]  his first orders of business were accepting the realities of the atrocities against the public under Stalin and addressing the widespread corruption of several Soviet leaders. This acceptance of problems led to the alienation of the public and thus caused the government to lose legitimacy. Furthermore the disastrous war in Afghanistan, which was draining the soviet economy and causing social unrest, led the public to lose faith in their government. They felt as though the Soviet Union would not develop a strong economic foundation under Gorbachev and thus wouldnt be able to compete with the USA. Several historians believe that Gorbachev unleashed too many reforms at inappropriate timings whi ch opened a floodgate that ended in the collapse of the USSR. The most relevant reform in this context is glasnost  [9]  which gave Soviet citizens freedom of speech and expression. The Soviet public began openly criticizing the government, issues of economic backwardness, inefficiency and shortages were openly discussed. The message from the Soviet public was clear, they wanted change. Historian Dr. Crockett once said, Once given rein, the direction of the newly released force of public opinion could not necessarily be controlled  [10]  . This quote clearly illustrates the immense amounts of damage the glasnost policy had on the Soviet government. It can be said that once the Soviet government had lost the support of their public they could no longer afford to focus all their resources on external conflicts and were forced to reallocate their resources to solve internal conflicts. Ultimately the turn of public opinion in the Soviet Union caused it to crumble, thus leading t o the end of the Cold War. The peace through strength thesis is, a doctrine, issued by Ronald Reagan, that military strength and a system of alliances is primary or necessary for peace  [11]  . This theory is predominantly a realist one. In previous paragraphs the build up of the United States military has already been covered in great depth therefore this paragraph will focus on the role of the wests military alliances. Heading into the 1990s the west had built up a solid network of alliances. The USA attracted economically disadvantaged countries by offering them aid and arms in return for alliance. Furthermore the USA took a leading role in creating the North Atlantic Trade Organisation (NATO) whose primary purpose was collective defence in response to an external attack and in the case of the Cold War it also served to contain communism. The countries allied to the West, encircled the USSR in a cordon sanitaire which is defined as a quarantine line  [12]  . The system of alliances additionally serv ed to deter the Soviet Union from creating conflict. These systems of alliances have proven to be successful due to the fact that there has not been a World War since April 4, 1949  [13]  , when the treaty was signed. In 1989 George Bush said, Containment worked because our alliances were and are strong  [14]  . It can be argued that the wests persistent efforts to quarantine the spread of Communism paired with their massive alliance system, served to overwhelm the Soviet Union forcing them to accept peace rather than risk a third world war. One can argue that the economic backwardness, public opinion and the peace through strength thesis are the factors that led to end of the Cold war and ultimately the collapse of the Soviet Union. However I believe that these three theories are weak on their own and must therefore rely on the all encompassing theory of world leaders to find their foundation. It was Reagans confrontational methods that led Gorbachev to sign peace agreements with the United States and it was Gorbachevs reforms that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union. Thus on both fronts the Cold War ended largely due to the involvement of world leaders. I believe the liberal argument of world leaders ending the Cold War is the most convincing and is the locomotive that drives all the remaining theories.

Eulogy for Son :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Son William was a very special person. His good qualities are endless. Since he was just a child, I always remember William sticking up for the family. When his sister, Lisa, was a baby, William would sit outside her room with a mask and cape on ready to rescue her in case she started crying. And, if William’s father or I were making too much noise, he was always quick to fly downstairs and tell us to keep quiet so not to disturb his little sister. That’s just the kind of person William was. He was a hero to all of us. As I look out into the crowd, I can’t help but see just how many lives William has touched. As a psychiatrist, but more importantly as a friend, William was able to come to the aid of those in need. He was a shoulder to lean on, always willing to lend a hand to help someone out, always willing to listen to someone’s problems and take the time to help resolve them. It would take me an eternity to list off all the special ways William has made a difference in my life. Whenever I was upset, whenever I needed someone, William’s sense of humor cheered me right up. No one can feel sad when William is around. I’ll always remember William as a person who was constantly finding humor in life no matter what the occasion. He was so full of life. It’s hard to imagine how I’m going to go a day without speaking to him because he’d call me every single day. I know he was a very busy man, but he would never forget to take the time to call me to see how I was. It’s the little things like that I’ll never forget about him. Although William’s death was sudden and came as a shock to all of us, I know in my heart he would not want for us to spend forever grieving. Rather, William would want us all to remember our favorite moments we spent with him. So, if you would all just take a quick minute or two to think about a happy time shared with him†¦ William’s life was far too brief, but he was able to accomplish many things.

Ethical Treatment of Prisoners Essay

Some people believe the history of corrections shows continuous movement toward more humane treatment of prisoners as society has progressed. In the beginning punishments for prisoners were considered a corporal punishment which was whipping, beheading, dismembering, torture or even death. There was fines, dispersion of property were common which was more common than the physical torture. Execution was the economic and corporal punishment as the estate was forfeited. The economic and physical sanctions have given way of imprisonment less depreciation in the liberty of parole and probation. When there are thousands of crimes incarcerated throughout the United States, the ethical treatment of prisoner’s rights must be analyzed. Throughout the years many modifications have been made to accommodate inmates and preserve their basic human rights. Have we as a society done enough regarding the ethical treatment of prisoners or have we made their lives in prison too easy that it is no longer a punishment for them? There are many people in the United States who have strong feelings of what is right and wrong and fall on both sides of this question. Utilitarianism is the belief that moral rules should be choices made by a society to promote the happiness of its members Mosser (2010). Through the utilitarian view the argument could be made that these prisoners are being treated to good and not good enough. Utilitarianism gives an understandable, theoretical foundation for moral decision making. Prior to coming to a decision upon a course of action, the utilitarian is asked to consider its effects on the entire population over an infinite period of time Mosser (2010). One problem with this method of decision-making is that many people might not agree with the premise that maximization of happiness should be the basis for morality. An example of this is an eye for an eye; if you kill someone in my family then I will have your life. In earlier history like the cowboy era this is how criminals were treated. Now, this is no longer accepted in our society. Our society’s ethical values have changed. For hundreds of years, prisoners had no rights. That is until 1909 when the Georgia Supreme Court ruled that although convicts have lost their freedom; they do have civil rights Davenport (2009). During this era, institutions were legally immune in state and federal courts from lawsuits, also called the hands-off doctrine, wardens ran their facilities as they felt necessary and were not held accountable for the conditions that existed in their facility Davenport (2009). Prisoners were beaten regularly and denied the basics such as food, medical care, and protection from staff or other inmates. These types of incidents continued for many of years. In the 1960’s several legal avenues opened for prisoners. Prisoners would now have the ability to have their grievances heard in state and federal courts. One of the major changes that enabled this is the cruel and unusual punishment clause of the Eighth Amendment; another is the civil rights provisions of Section 1983 of Title 42 of the U. S. Code Davenport (2009). The Eighth Amendment asserts that excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted Davenport (2009). The cruel and unusual punishment clause was not intended for prisoners; rather the focus was on punishment outside the law. The clause also did not apply to state prisoners. The Supreme Court heard very few cases in this era. In the 1960’s, the Supreme Court began to incorporate the Bill of Rights to state laws. This meant the cruel and unusual punishment clause now included prisons and prisoners. Prisoner’s then began to file suits to change the way prisons operated, citing cruel and unusual punishment, inadequate healthcare, demanding more access to courts and due process. People who are employed in the justice system have to exhibit strength of mind and body to prove they are worthy to be in charge of those who may be a danger to society. This fact alone places these individuals in a position of power, and without a personal and professional code of ethics to live by; this power could be taken out of context. This could lead to damage within the system, as well as out on the street. For these people must make moral decisions everyday. A personal set of ethics can often be hard to define. Ethics are not on a person’s mind as they make various choices throughout the day. When a person sub-consciously makes one judgment or another, they are not aware that ethics plays a role in the decisions that are made. In examining ethical egoism and utilitarianism my personal view is definitely closer to utilitarianism than ethical egoism. Utilitarianism is an exceedingly, even extremely demanding moral view for most people. If we have a duty to always bring about the best outcome, than any time we can increase the well-being of others, we have a moral duty to do so. I believe it is morally better to help the most people at a time than to serve the self interest of one person. The thousands of crimes incarcerated throughout the United States had their day in court and are now housed in a penal institution to serve out their sentence. As a society we have passed ethical laws to protect the prisoners against harm from others and to make sure they are treated with respect. Through the eyes of utilitarianism arguments are made that these prisoners are being treated to good by some and not good enough by others. Regardless of which theories or ethical beliefs a person chooses to believe in they must follow the law or they could end up as a prisoner in the United States. Those in the justice system sworn to protect prisoners can not choose to follow their own beliefs but they must follow the laws and regulation set forth before them. Ethics as a form of intellectual inquiry does not provide answers to moral questions. People with beliefs about right and wrong do. Societies are built upon those beliefs. As we have analyzed the ethical treatment of prisoners with theories of ethics we can argue that society’s views of right and wrong coincide with reality, are representative of the objective moral order, and encompass the will of the people with regards to their treatment. Davenport, A. U. (2009). Basic criminal law: the constitution, procedure, and crimes (2nd Ed. ). Upper Saddle River: Pearson

No Place to Go Essays - 1389 Words

Homelessness is viewed as a social problem of our society because people consider it to be an undesirable condition. It’s something that most people don’t want to see or think about. Our communities share a social responsibility to find ways to eradicate homelessness. The article, Helping the homeless get off the streets, takes the functionalist approach to eradicating homelessness, in addition to this approach; the Symbolic Internationalist Perspective would be a beneficial addition to the solution of homelessness. The field research method needs to be used to experience homelessness first hand. The homeless are thought to have caused their own troubles (Kendall, 2010. p. 39). But anybody in society can fall prey to homelessness at†¦show more content†¦The homeless also have a hard time securing employment because of the lack of a â€Å"permanent residence† or â€Å"identification† (Killiam, Joe 2008). The homeless can’t go to a job interview if â€Å"they are wearing the same clothes they had on yesterday† (Killiam, 2008). You also need a â€Å"permanent address and phone† to be able to get a job (Killian, 2008). The problems continue to mount against the homeless and it continues to keep them in their cycle of poverty. The article, Helping the homeless get off the streets, represents the Functionalist Perspective, which comes from the works of Auguste Comte, the founder of sociology. Comte believed that society was like the human body. Each part interrelated and assigned to perform different tasks that maintain society as a who le (Kendall, 2010.p.8). The different functions within the societal body would be the social institutions, education, families in the community and our government (Kendall, 2010.p.8). Each function works in different ways to provide stability and to make sure social needs are met within the community (Kendall, 2010.p.8). In the article, Helping the homeless get off the streets, states that Jehan Benton, Director of Guilford County’s 10-Year Plan to End Homelessness, is working with other entities within the community to coordinate resources to educate and rehabilitate the homeless. Jehan Benton and the other entities within the community are using the Functionalist PerspectiveShow MoreRelatedWhat Is The Best Place To Go To France917 Words   |  4 PagesReason i want to go to england and france Almost everyone want to to go on a break or just travel and have fun and relax. 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The attractions of the PA Grand Canyon are phenomenal many people when visiting the canyon go to the Colton Point. The Colton Point is a lookout on the west side of the canyon, and the Leonard HarrisonRead More Argumentative Essay: Women Should Not Be Allowed To Go Topless In Public872 Words   |  4 PagesTo Go Topless in Public   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the summer of 1996 Gwen Jacobs enjoyed a topless summer stroll during which she was seen by a local O.P.P officer, was apprehended and subsequently charged with indecent exposure. Gwen Jacobs pleaded not guilty in court and won the right to go topless in Ontario. This incident brought up an excellent question: should women be allowed to go topless on public beaches and in other public areas? The answer is strictly no, women should not be allowed to go topless

Sample of an Effective Grad School Letter of Recommendation

Whether a letter is good or simply adequate depends not just on its content but on how well it fits the program to which you’re applying. Consider the following letter written for a student who is applying to an online graduate program: In this case, the student is applying to an online graduate program and the professors experiences with the student are entirely in online courses. Considering this purpose, the letter is good. The professor speaks from experiences with the  student in an online class environment, presumably similar to what he will experience in an online graduate program. The professor describes the nature of the course and discusses the students work within that environment. This letter supports the students application to an online program because the professors experiences speak to the students ability to excel in an online class environment. Specific examples of the students participation and contributions to the course would improve this letter. This same letter is less effective for students who are applying to traditional brick-and-mortar programs because faculty will want to know about the students real-life interaction skills and capacity to communicate and get along with others. A Sample Letter of Recommendation Dear Admissions Committee:    I am writing on behalf of Stu Dents application to the online master’s program in Education offered at XXU. All of my experiences with Stu are as a student in my online courses. Stu enrolled in my Introduction to Education (ED 100) online course in Summer, 2003.    As you are aware, online courses, because of the lack of face-to-face interaction, require a high degree of motivation the part of students. The course is structured so that for each unit, students read the textbook as well as lectures that I have written, they post in discussion forums in which they converse with other students about issues raised by the readings, and they complete one or two essays. The summer online course is especially grueling as a full semester’s worth of content is covered in one month. Each week, students are expected to master the content that would be presented in 4 2-hour lectures. Stu performed very well in this course, earning a final score of 89, A-.    The following Fall (2003), he enrolled in my Early Childhood Education (ED 211) online course and continued his above average performance, earning a final score of 87, B. Throughout both courses, Stu consistently submitted his work on time and was an active participant in the discussions, engaging other students, and sharing practical examples from his experience as a parent.    Though I have never met Stu face-to-face, from our online interactions, I can attest to his ability to complete the academic requirements of XXUs online masters program in Education. If you have questions, please feel free to contact me at (xxx) xxx-xxxx or email: profxxx.edu    Sincerely,Prof.

Persuasive Essay On To Kill A Mockingbird - 722 Words

â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird† Essay â€Å"An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind† -Mahatma Gandhi. This quotation captures the theme of the novel; Courage is firmly ignoring the temptation to fight and/or retaliate. . It exaggerates the detrimental consequences of giving in to that temptation, through the metaphor. In drawing out this message from the novel, I was compelled to distinguish the characters who practice peace by not giving in to the temptation to fight. The Courageous person in this type of situation is not the one who triumphs in a fight, but is the peacemaker. With this in mind, Tom Robinson, Calpurnia and Atticus Finch prominently stood out to me. Tom Robinson, Calpurnia and Atticus Finch were all†¦show more content†¦Consequently, at one point in the novel, Atticus was forced to vouch for Calpurnia, as his sister, Alexandra, was entertaining the idea that Calpurnia must leave. Atticus firmly says â€Å"Alexandra, Calpurnia’s not leaving this house until she wants to.† Though Calpurnia was aware that Atticus and Alexandra were debating her departure from the job, She never threatened or disrespected Alexandra or the family. She kept on doing her duties and loving the children. Many would’ve quit or angered at how openly Alexandra was speaking of Calpurnia, But Calpurnia kept her head held high and showed all readers the importance of peace, Lastly, I believe Atticus Finch practiced a great deal of peace throughout the story. I couldnt help but notice that everyone who did wrong by Atticus were immediately excused and forgiven by him. One scenario that stood out to me was when Atticus was spit on by Bob Ewell, days after the trial. Spitting was considered a very low form of disrespect and an insult, but like every other situation, Atticus shows Jem how he put himself in Mr. Ewell’s shoes by saying; â€Å"Jem, see if you can stand in Bob Ewell’s shoes a minute. I destroyed his last shred of credibility at that trial.†(Lee, 218) He wants Jem to know that though wrong, Mr. Ewell had a way of taking out his anger at Atticus for fighting him in court. In my opinion, walking away from a fight with a man whose false accusations have resulted in an innocent mansShow MoreRelatedTo Kill A Mockingbird Persuasive Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesAs a researching assistant defense attorney in criminal trials, the case State of Alabama v Thomas Robinson, Atticus Finch uses rhetorical strategies that were effective in persuading hostile juries. The lawyer’s closing statement emphasizes the importance of rhetorical devices and how they affect the mindset of a hostile jury. Atticus Finch uses the phrase, ..all men are created equal†¦(Harper Lee 205) as an allusion to stress the importance of ethnicity not being the factor in the outcome ofRead MoreHow To Write Literary Analysis4174 Words   |  17 PagesHow To Write Literary Analysis The Literary Essay: A Step-by-Step Guide When you read for pleasure, your only goal is enjoyment. You might find yourself reading to get caught up in an exciting story, to learn about an interesting time or place, or just to pass time. Maybe you’re looking for inspiration, guidance, or a reflection of your own life. There are as many different, valid ways of reading a book as there are books in the world. When you read a work of literature in an English classRead MoreFinal Film Critique: Crash (2004)2178 Words   |  9 Pagescircumstances and addresses how racial stereotypes and prejudices impact our society by causing a separation of customs, ignoring human and civil rights, and demonstrating how racism can cause moral, cultural and economical suffering. This detailed essay will address the cinematic elements employed throughout the movie, and provide a critical analysis on the various components and techniques used to create this compelling and powerful film. Crash is a movie that involves several different storiesRead MoreInterpretation of the Text13649 Words   |  55 Pagesliterature differs from other kinds of writing - expressive, persuasive, and expository. Expressive writing aims to articulate the feelings of the writer; persuasive writing seeks co influence the reader; expository writing tries to explain the outer world. By contrast, a work of literature creates a world of its own which makes no reference to the real world as we normally know it, thus it is not expository writing. Nor is it quite the same as persuasive writing - a work of fiction makes no direct appealRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pagesoffprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Furthe r Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.  ©1998-2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design ® and

Business Expansion Plan Depth Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Business Expansion Plan for Depth Analysis. Answer: Introduction This paper describes the various aspects of the Fischer Sports Gmbh. The objective is to evaluate the depth analysis of the Fischer Sports GmbH in the perspective of the business expansion plan. It enables to determine the description of the venture, literature review, assessment of associated theories, strategy formation, operation overview, financial overview, approaches to sustainability ethics and timeline. Indeed, Fischer Sports GmbH was founded in 1924. Its headquarter located in Austria. It manufactured several products such as Alpine Skis, Nordic Poles, Jumping Skis, Accessories and Hockey. Description of the venture: Fischer Sports Gmbh manufactures the Nordic skiing and Alpine equipment. It delivers the poles, skis, boots, binding, jumping skis, apparel, and hockey products that involving men and women gloves, socks, race and leisurewear. It is not sold regular basis. So, the most of stock would be outdated and wasted. It is a big risk in the Fischer Sports Gmbh. They sold their products in Austrian market that is another venture because it has limited market for sales. Austria is a well developed country where people take high education. So, sports product has low sales that is venture of it. (Fischer Naro 2012). Literature review: Literature review of the Fishcer Sports is to the global expansion of the associated and Internet technologies have developed an environment of gambling that is tough to evaluate and regulate Sports equipment. It includes a systematic review of the literature. The objective of the literature review is to present the theoretical background related to the Fischer Sports. It will start reviewing literature related issue in the Fischer Sports. It includes associated theories in the perspective of the Fischer Sports and appraisal the strategy formation, operation, financial overview and timeline of the Fischer Sports. (Jones 2014). Assessment of associated theories: A theory of business is a framework of an approach, mental model and philosophy. It affected the objective or goals, the choice of policies, the choice of structure, the formation, development of company culture and the getting work done. The theory of Fischer Sports business is purposeful. Then, leader can articulate it. It is not consciously stated. Then, Fischer Sports is able to surmise the theory of business. (Kaufam 2016). Strategy formation: It is the process of developing the strategy. Fischer Sports includes six steps strategy formation to evaluate the scenario. First, organization objective that is the key part of Fischer Sports strategy formation in the long-term perspective. Second, organizational environment that evaluate the general economic and sports industrial environment. It review the organization competitive position that necessary to conduct a quantitative and qualitative review of the Fischer sports. Third, setting quantitative target that fix the values of some Fischer Sports objectives. Fourth, decide the divisional plan that helps to check the Fischer Sports manufacturing department that they are working as per strategic planning or not. It requires a careful evaluation of macroeconomic trends. Fifth, performance analysis involves the gap between the desired and planned performance. Fischer Sports evaluate the performance of the organization strategy that help to judge the manufactur ing speed and sales of the products in the current competitive market. Six, choice of strategy is the ultimate step in strategy formulation of the Fischer Sports. It helps to select the Fischer Sports goals, strengths, potential and limitations as well as the external opportunities. (Meige Schmitt 2015). Operation overview: Sports is a multibillion dollar fast growing sector in the world. Fischer Sports provide a high job opportunity to workers in their operational department. Fischer Sports GbmH has $235000 million expected sales in 2017 and it would be raise constantly till 2021 and it would be reach $411016 in 2021. It has $199750 expected operation income in 2017 and it would be $229713 in 2018, $263088 in 2019, $302706 in 2020 and $349364 in upcoming years till 2021. It would be possible through the expansion plan in worldwide country. When Fischer Sports will expand their business. Then, the operation income would be also increase that will help to survive in the competitive market. (Drake Fabozzi 2012). Expected Profit Loss statement for the first 5 years at the end of the year of Fischer Sports GbmH 2017 2018 2019 2010 2021 Sales $235,000 $270,250 $310,788 $357,406 $411,016 Cost of Goods Sold 35250 40538 47700 54700 61652 Gross Margin 85.00% 85.00% 84.65% 84.70% 85.00% Operation Income 199750 229713 263088 302706 349364 EXPENSES General and Administration expenses 15400 16700 17368 19847 21475 Salary Wages 11800 12272 12763 13273 13804 Professional Fees 6400 6656 7411 7707 8016 Interest Expenses 8750 9100 9464 9843 10236 Marketing Selling Expenses 10245 10474 10893 11329 11782 Rent Utilities 7880 8195 8523 8864 9218 Insurance cost 9540 9922 10318 10731 11160 Other Expenses 8750 9100 9464 9800 10241 Total Expenses 78765 82419 86204 91394 95933 Earnings before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortisation (EBITDA) 120985 147294 176883 211311 253431 Finance Cost 39950 45943 52618 60541 69873 Depreciation and Amortisation Expense 7100 7100 7100 7100 7455 Profit/(Loss) before Tax 73935 94251 117166 143670 176103 Tax Expense Federal Income Tax 24399 31103 38665 47411 58114 State Income tax 3697 4713 5858 7184 8805 Total Tax Expense 28095 35815 44523 54595 66919 Net Profit/(Loss) $45,840 $58,436 $72,643 $89,076 $109,184 Profit Margin 19.51% 21.62% 23.37% 24.92% 26.56% (Source: Drake Fabozzi 2012) Financial overview: Fischer Sports produce sports equipment that require a lot of assests and cash capital to run their business in the competitive market. It has $5400 million inventory stock in 2017 that have target to sold in the market that generate revenue for it. It has expected $12509 million maintenance reserve in 2017 and it will reach $30540 million in 2021. Balance Sheet for the first 5 years at the end of the year of Fischer Sports GmbH 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Assets: Cash and cash equivalent 20648 24778 29733 35680 42816 Inventory 5400 6480 7776 9331 11197 Capital Work in Progress 8434 10121 12145 14574 17489 Intangible Assets under Development 542 650 780 937 1124 Property, equipment furnishings 15239 18287 21944 26333 31600 Equipment purchase deposits 6901 8281 9937 11925 14310 Accumulated Depreciation 1369 2765 5586 11284 22793 Other assets 15875 19050 22860 27432 32918 Total assets 74408 90412 110762 137495 174247 Liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses 16833 21041 26302 32877 41096 Deferred income taxes 3504 3854 4240 4664 5130 Maintenance reserves 12509 15636 19545 24432 30540 Security deposits 15778 19723 49279 61278 79675 Long term liabilities 25784 30158 37698 47122 58902 Total liabilities 74408 90412 110762 137495 174247 (Source: Fridson Alvarez 2011) Approaches to sustainability and ethics: Fischer Sports sustainability depends on the fast growth and revenue of the organization. If the organization is earning revenue constantly. Then, it would be beneficial for the organization growth and development. Fischer Sports is not only linked with excercising the human body. But also related to global sports sectors that have millions employees, generates revenue and participate in global GDP. Fischer Sports company produce sports equipment that is ethical acceptable by Austrian government. So, it is a good business in the perspective of the ethical concern. (Kotter 2008). Timeline: It is the significant part of the Fischer Sports because timeline should be clear when organization constructed the business expansion plan for it. Fischer Sports should achieve the expansion plan goal within the targeted the timeline period. If the Fischer Sports are able to achieve its target within timeline. Then, it would be consider as successful organization in the sports equipment industry. (Parent Smith-Swan 2013). Conclusion On the basis of above analysis, it can be concluded that clear description of the venture, literature review, assessment of associated theories, strategy formation, operation overview, financial overview, approaches to sustainability ethics and timeline as well as high ability to adopt new approach in Fischer Sports helps to achieve its expansion plan in the competitive market. References Cocchiarale, M, Emmert, S, 2004, Upon Further Review: Sports in American Literature, Greenwood Publishing Group, Melbourne. Drake, PP, Fabozzi, FJ, 2012, Analysis of Financial Statements, John Wiley Sons, Melbourne. Fischer, MB, Naro, MW, 2012, Volume 48 of TransD. Arbeiten zur Theorie und Praxis des bersetzens und Dolmetschens, Frank Timme GmbH, Melbourne. Fischer, R, 2011, Trading With Charts for Absolute Returns, John Wiley Sons, Melbourne. Fridson, MS, Alvarez, F, 2011, Financial Statement Analysis: A Practitioner's Guide, John Wiley Sons, Melbourne. Jones, I, 2014, Research Methods for Sports Studies: Third Edition, Routledge, Melbourne. Kotter, JK, 2008, A Sense of Urgency, Harvard Business Press, Melbourne. Loidl, F, Sabo, J, Whrer, G, 2012, Absatzkrisen anders bewltigen: Konsequenzen fr Marketing und Management, Linde Verlag GmbH, Melbourne. Meige, A, Schmitt, J, 2015, Innovation Intelligence. Commoditization. Digitalization. Acceleration. Major Pressure on Innovation Drivers, Absans Publishing, Sydney. Parent, MM, Smith-Swan, S, 2013, Managing Major Sports Events: Theory and Practice, Routledge, Melbourne. Kaufam, M, 2016, The Theory Of Business, Complexity, And Getting Work Done, View 7 July, 2016, from: https://innovationmanagement.se/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Theory_of_Business.pdf